By, With, Without Exercises

By, with, and without answer different questions in a sentence. Use by for the agent in passive sentences ("written by Shakespeare"), for methods of travel without an article ("by bus"), for deadlines ("by Friday"), and in fixed expressions such as by hand and by myself. Use with for tools, instruments, body parts, accompaniment, and things included: cut with a knife, open it with your hands, with friends, coffee with milk.

Without means that something is absent, missing, or not included. It can be followed by a noun ("without sugar", "without your help") or by an -ing form: "She left without saying goodbye." The main challenge is deciding whether the sentence asks about who did the action, how the action was done, what tool was used, who came too, or what was missing. This B1 route practises those meanings side by side, including accepted alternatives such as pay by card and pay with a card.