Participle Clauses Dictation: Reasons in Participle Clauses

Hear the opening phrase as a reason for the action that follows. Knowing, feeling or wanting can explain why someone acts, and the main subject tells you who has that knowledge, feeling or wish. Not can make the reason negative, so catch it before the ing word. Having with a noun can describe a state here; it is not automatically the perfect pattern having plus a past participle. Keep the spoken clause as it stands rather than adding because to explain its meaning.