Participle Clauses Dictation: Earlier Actions with Having

Listen for having and the past participle as one opening unit. They mark an action completed before the main event. The subject arrives in the main clause and also belongs to that earlier action, so hold on to the opening detail until you hear who is involved. Some participles are irregular, and a familiar story can hide an unclear verb. Replay that opening if necessary. Keep its objects and time details too; they tell you what had already happened before the next action began.