Reducing Relative Clauses with Participles (Advanced)
B2-C1 Level
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Accuracy depends on keeping all the meaning after the participle. If the original says published by the university, stored in the archive, or contributing their time to the project, those details belong in the reduced phrase. Active clauses use -ing; passive clauses use the past participle. Some advanced items also require you to preserve modality or recommendation language in the main clause, such as should register. Check that the final sentence still tells the reader who did the action and what happened to whom.
Quick Rule
active relative clause -> noun + -ing phrase | passive relative clause -> noun + past participle phrase
- 1.Anyone who wishes to attend the meeting should register online.
- 2.Anyone wishing to attend the meeting should register online.
- 3.The evidence which was not gathered correctly proved unreliable.
- 4.The evidence not gathered correctly proved unreliable.
- 5.Volunteers who contribute their time to the project deserve recognition.
All 20 questions
Rewrite the full sentence, replacing the relative clause with a participle clause. Consider whether the verb is active (-ing) or passive (-ed).
The report which was published by the university challenges previous findings.
Anyone who wishes to attend the meeting should register online.
The evidence which was gathered during the investigation proved crucial.
Employees who demonstrate leadership skills are often promoted quickly.
The data which was collected over five years supports the theory.
The artist who teaches painting at the college now lives abroad.
The proposals which were rejected by the board will not be reconsidered.
Passengers who require special assistance should contact the airline in advance.
The methods which were used in the study have been widely criticised.
Scientists who study climate change warn of rising sea levels.
The goods which were imported from overseas failed quality checks.
Companies that invest in training tend to have lower staff turnover.
The agreement which was signed by both parties is legally binding.
Candidates who possess relevant experience will be given priority.
The film which was directed by a newcomer won several awards.
Researchers who examine the effects of pollution have published new data.
The regulations which were introduced last year have reduced emissions.
Students who hope to study abroad must submit their applications early.
The software which was developed in-house has been very reliable.
Volunteers who contribute their time to the project deserve recognition.
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